International Public Health Final Exam

Question 1 of 59

1. Question

1 point(s)

Culture is an integrated system of learned behavior patterns that are characteristic of the members of any given group or society. Building upon this definition, culture consists of a group’s manners, customs, beliefs, ceremonies, literature, social institutions, myths and legends, knowledge, values, laws (written and unwritten), ideas and thought patterns, music, cuisine, language, arts and artifacts, concepts of self, morals, and ideals.

True
False

Question 2 of 59

2. Question

1 point(s)

All of the following are characteristics of North American culture, and of many other industrialized nations, EXCEPT which ONE?

The nuclear family
Romantic love
Individualism
Distrust of authority
Belief that human circumstances are largely controlled by fate

Question 3 of 59

3. Question

1 point(s)

Four components are necessary for developing cross-cultural competency. Which ONE of the following is NOT a component of building cross-cultural relationships?

Becoming aware of one's personal biases.
Recognizing that some attitude of cultural superiority is unavoidable.
Social interactions are often authoritarian.
Prioritizing relationships above projects.
Treating everyone with respect.

Question 4 of 59

4. Question

1 point(s)

True or False: Use of readily available, though untrained, language interpreters is accompanied by numerous benefits.

True
False

Question 5 of 59

5. Question

1 point(s)

Examples of culture influencing health include ALL of the following EXCEPT which ONE?

Belief in supernatural powers may result in reliance on spiritual healing rituals in addition to, or instead of, modern medicine.
People who view life from a standpoint of self-determination are often less motivated to take action against their own illness.
People of traditional cultures often believe that health care providers have a higher status and therefore should make the decisions.
Cultural norms may dictate what symptoms are appropriate to reveal and how they are described.
Some peoples hold that the mention of illness will cause that illness.

Question 6 of 59

6. Question

1 point(s)

True or false: Four components necessary to provide culturally competent healthcare include developing awareness of differences and biases, attitudes of respect, knowledge of cultures, and recognition that some degree of cultural superiority is unavoidable.

True
False

Question 7 of 59

7. Question

1 point(s)

People involved with international service normally experience culture shock. Symptoms typical of culture shock include all of the following, except which ONE?

Withdrawal from people, especially host nationals
Enhanced work performance
Depression
Compulsive cleanliness
Bitterness

Question 8 of 59

8. Question

1 point(s)

True or false: Some coping skills for managing the experience of culture shock include getting to know national people, planning a light initial schedule, being prepared for new ideas, and limiting time with people of the home culture.

True
False

Question 9 of 59

9. Question

1 point(s)

Living by the rules of a new culture is essential for success in that environment. Which ONE of the following is NOT a principle of cultural adaptation?

Few patterns of behavior in new cultures are actually immoral or reprehensible; they are simply different.
Tension is created when people behave contrary to expectations. However, expatriates are generally excused from following cultural norms because of their unfamiliarity with the culture.
Adjustment begins with becoming aware of behavioral differences, reflecting on their causes, and observing how to alter one’s own behavior.
To successfully adapt to and function within a new culture, expatriates must observe, understand, and adjust to the behavior of nationals.
People within a particular culture generally expect that everyone will understand and abide by their beliefs and values.

Question 10 of 59

10. Question

1 point(s)

Adaptation to new cultures is easier for some individuals than it is for others. The traits and skills of successfully adapted individuals include which ONE of the following?

Dependence upon others
Intolerance for ambiguity
Low tolerance for failure
Ability to draw humorous interpretations of stressful events
High goal orientation

Question 11 of 59

11. Question

1 point(s)

Reentry shock is a common experience among persons returning home from a significant cross-cultural journey. Which ONE of the following is NOT a feature of reentry shock?

Expatriates who have been living among relatively low-income people often feel a sense of injustice at the disparity.
Friends and family back home frequently admire returning expatriates and are anxious to learn about their experience.
The pace of life in developing countries often seems unhurried in comparison to that of the home culture and requires significant adjustment.
Expatriates find their values regarding family and spiritual life are greatly influenced by their international experience.
Expatriates report that their attitudes toward racism, patriotism, and international relations are profoundly changed.

Question 12 of 59

12. Question

1 point(s)

Which statement about disasters is the MOST accurate?

Emergencies and disasters are the same thing
A disaster event has accepted universal minimum values that can be used to define the loss
Many times, disaster events can be predicted
Disasters can occur independent of human involvement

Question 13 of 59

13. Question

1 point(s)

Medical disaster response efforts should include which of the following?

Triage of disaster victims
Providing continuity of care for disaster victims with chronic illnesses
Providing medical care for displaced peoples
All of these

Question 14 of 59

14. Question

1 point(s)

Being personally prepared to respond to a disaster includes all of the following EXCEPT which ONE?

Having a personal or family disaster kit
Developing and practicing a personal or family disaster plan
Staying informed about potential or current disaster events, including political and social concerns
Keeping one’s camera available to photograph disaster events.

Question 15 of 59

15. Question

1 point(s)

True or False: Unburied dead bodies constitute a health hazard.

True
False

Question 16 of 59

16. Question

1 point(s)

Which ONE of the following statements regarding the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) is MOST true?

There are fewer Sustainable Development Goals than Millennium Development Goals
These goals are to be achieved by 2050
These goals deemphasize global partnership in favor of national independence
These goals include measures to ensure environmental sustainability

Question 17 of 59

17. Question

1 point(s)

Providing healthcare services does not necessarily enhance overall health. It is difficult to keep the paramount goal of health in view for ALL of the following reasons, EXCEPT which ONE?

Impact of health interventions is not easily measured.
Health status is not easily measured.
Care for people who are critically ill is usually perceived as more intriguing and more valuable than disease prevention or health promotion.
Curative care specialists are usually more revered than are those in public health or primary care.
Saving lives through the control of diseases like polio and measles provides exemplary motivation for preventive health intervention.

Question 18 of 59

18. Question

1 point(s)

Several types of organizations provide leadership for health systems, including ALL but which ONE of the following?

Government agencies
Private, and usually fee-for-service, healthcare providers.
The National Institutes of Health (NIH)
Non-governmental organizations (NGOs)
Health insurance plans that cater to enrolled individuals

Question 19 of 59

19. Question

1 point(s)

Vaccine-preventable diseases have declined dramatically since the Expanded Program on Immunization (EPI) was initiated. Which ONE of the following statements about EPI is MOST correct?

EPI is successful because it is easily understood, easily implemented, inexpensive and causes immediate benefit.
Governments have used EPI to test the effects of biological warfare agents.
EPI is most effective as a separate service from well child and prenatal care.
Worldwide, EPI's vaccine schedules include pneumococcus and influenza.
EPI makes use of a single-dose, combination vaccine administered just once during the first year of life.

Question 20 of 59

20. Question

1 point(s)

Improved management of childhood illnesses, as well as aspects of nutrition, immunization, contraception and maternal health, are all part of Integrated Management of Childhood Illness (IMCI). Which ONE of the following is NOT a principle of the Integrated Management of Childhood Illness disease management protocols?

Designed for use by community health workers
Relies upon a very small number of medications
Guided by symptoms and signs only
Integration of early detection, treatment and prevention of disease
Requires radiological confirmation of suspected pneumonia before treatment

Question 21 of 59

21. Question

1 point(s)

Which ONE of the following statements about communication for health is TRUE?

Messages such as "Boil the water" and "Don't take drugs" inherently take into account motivations behind unhealthy behaviors.
Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs provides a theoretical basis for one-way messages.
One step to developing an effective communications program is working with consultants to develop and test messages.
Media campaigns and social marketing strategies are generally less cost-effective than one-on-one healthcare services.
Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs can help communicators assess the community's felt needs.

Question 22 of 59

22. Question

1 point(s)

Active learning requires which ONE of these elements?

Expensive software.
Work by the participants designed to engage with the topic.
Long slide decks.
In-classroom physical exercise.

Question 23 of 59

23. Question

1 point(s)

Which one of the following contains THREE elements of The Kemp Model?

Instructional problems/goal, content sequencing, instructional delivery
Instructional objectives, strategies, Prezi slides
Learner characteristics, coffee & donuts, designing the message
PowerPoint mastery, evaluation instruments, task analysis

Question 24 of 59

24. Question

1 point(s)

The following statement is an example of which level of feedback? “I feel disappointed when night-duty residents do not come to morning report to review the admissions.”

Level 1: Description of observed behavior
Level 2: Your personal reaction (not judgment)
Level 3: Likely outcome of behavior based on experience
Level 4: Punitive consequence of continued infraction

Question 25 of 59

25. Question

1 point(s)

The following options are all benefits of direct observation, EXCEPT which one?

Enables you to establish a baseline for each student in terms of abilities, comfort level with patients, etc.
Reinforces the importance of the student by communicating that you care.
Enables you to assess the student’s ability in specific areas.
Encourages acute anxiety, which improves performance.
Enables you to specify strengths and weaknesses rather than make global judgments.

Question 26 of 59

26. Question

1 point(s)

Which ONE of the following statements about motivation for learning is MOST true?

Intrinsic motivation may be encouraged by helping learners realize they are never really in control.
Intrinsic motivation may be encouraged by helping learners see that life is ultimately meaningless.
Emotions are unreliable and unpredictable, and they are best disregarded.
The most effective learners are intrinsically motivated through a sense of control and purpose.

Question 27 of 59

27. Question

1 point(s)

Which ONE of the following statements is FALSE with respect to competence of healthcare professionals?

Most physicians are responsible to teach junior learners during medical training.
Clinical pharmacists are trained to provide direct education to patients regarding prescribed medical therapies.
Individuals who have completed training in a healthcare specialty are usually competent upon graduation to teach that specialty to novice learners.
Physical therapists receive training in patient education skills for a wide range of therapeutic exercise regimens.

Question 28 of 59

28. Question

1 point(s)

Which ONE of the following statements regarding breastfeeding is TRUE?

Breastfeeding alone does not provide adequate nutrition for a 1-month-old infant.
Transitional foods can be introduced by 2 to 3 years of age.
Breastfeeding provides little protection against diarrheal diseases.
Breastfeeding significantly improves an infant’s odds of surviving the first 2 to 3 months of life.

Question 29 of 59

29. Question

1 point(s)

Each of the following is among the most commonly utilized measures of health of a population, EXCEPT which ONE?

National per capita expenditure for healthcare
Mortality rate for children under age 5 years
Infant mortality rate
Maternal mortality rate
Life expectancy at birth

Question 30 of 59

30. Question

1 point(s)

Economic development and physical health are closely connected. Economic growth enhances the general health of a population through improvements in all of the following, EXCEPT which ONE?

Incentives for increased childbearing
Nutrition
Water and sanitation
Medical services

Question 31 of 59

31. Question

1 point(s)

Each of the following are leading risk factors for DALYs lost in low-income nations EXCEPT which ONE?

Unsafe drinking water, sanitation and hygiene
Underweight
Hyperlipidemia
Unsafe sex
Vitamin A deficiency

Question 32 of 59

32. Question

1 point(s)

The Expanded Program on Immunization (EPI) in most developing nations includes vaccination against which ONE of the following diseases?

Pertussis
Malaria
Pneumococcus
Influenza
Hepatitis A

Question 33 of 59

33. Question

1 point(s)

Which ONE of the following statements about HIV prevention is TRUE?

In the absence of antiretroviral drug treatment, HIV infection carries a 47 percent fatality rate.
Barrier contraceptives are nearly 100 percent effective in reducing risk of acquiring HIV infection.
Treatment against other STIs has no influence on the risk of acquiring HIV.
Peripartum prophylaxis of HIV-infected pregnant women significantly decreases the risk of mother-to-infant transmission.
Orphans of AIDS victims are at no increased risk for developing HIV infection themselves.

Question 34 of 59

34. Question

1 point(s)

Integration of the cross-cultural experience into one’s personal worldview is the main task of cultural reentry. Which ONE of the following is NOT a guideline for reentry?

Expect to be misunderstood and unappreciated.
Reenter one’s former lifestyle and responsibilities as rapidly as possible.
Receive a formal debriefing with a person who is skilled and experienced at reentry.
Remain in regular contact with significant friends and family back home while you are away.
Get closure by saying goodbye and resolving any tensions with nationals before leaving the host country.

Question 35 of 59

35. Question

1 point(s)

True or False: Individuals should be encouraged to respond to disasters, even if not through an organization or government entity.

True
False

Question 36 of 59

36. Question

1 point(s)

In disaster management, ICS stands for:

International Control Systems
Incident Command System
Incident Contamination System
None of these

Question 37 of 59

37. Question

1 point(s)

Which is the most accurate definition of disaster management?

Leading response efforts following a disaster event
A discipline that deals with risk and risk avoidance
Management of volunteers during a disaster
Providing care to disaster victims

Question 38 of 59

38. Question

1 point(s)

Which ONE activity is a main objective of pre-disaster mitigation?

Writing policies
Creating quick fixes to get through a disaster event
Practicing a disaster plan many times
Creating long-term economic sustainability

Question 39 of 59

39. Question

1 point(s)

Convergence can occur after a disaster by which of the following:

Volunteers
Media
First responders
All of these

Question 40 of 59

40. Question

1 point(s)

Which ONE of the following statements best describes a health system?

Public health services, such as vaccination, food safety, and sanitation.
A network or organization that leads to improvement in health of a population.
Mobile specialty services, such as optometric or prenatal care.
Opening a clinic and providing whatever care people expect.
A business plan to generate come from persons that can afford to pay.

Question 41 of 59

41. Question

1 point(s)

All of the following statements are TRUE regarding leaders in international health EXCEPT which ONE?

The United Nations (UN) was initially established at the end of World War II "… to save succeeding generations from the scourge of disease."
Corporations have made effective contributions toward control of infectious diseases.
Research and educational facilities occupy an essential role in international health.
In the decades since WHO was formed, international health organizations have shifted from a more vertical orientation to one that is more horizontal.
The UN Food and Agricultural Organization (FAO) and UN World Food Program (WFP) play a role in international health.

Question 42 of 59

42. Question

1 point(s)

Of the following statements about Primary Health Care today, which ONE is most TRUE?

Hospital-based services are meant to be replaced by PHC.
PHC is mainly focused on preventive care service.
Other health services are carried out largely separated from PHC.
PHC systematically addresses social, economic, and behavioral elements of health.

Question 43 of 59

43. Question

1 point(s)

Health leaders should select health interventions based upon a thorough assessment of a community’s health problems and resources. Which of the following is NOT one of the four levels at which healthcare normally occurs?

Primary medical care interventions
Investigational interventions
Disease- and problem-specific interventions
Secondary and tertiary medical care
Population-oriented interventions

Question 44 of 59

44. Question

1 point(s)

Which ONE of the following statements is TRUE with regard to competency-based education?

Competency-based education targets aspirational skills for all learners in any given healthcare discipline.
Competency-based education focuses on learner performance in reaching pre-established goals and objectives.
Defined curricula and evaluation tools are developed following completion of a given learning assignment.
Competency-based education focuses on meeting minimum requirements on standardized testing.

Question 45 of 59

45. Question

1 point(s)

Which ONE of the following key ideas from evidence-based theories of teaching and learning is FALSE?

Extrinsic reward must move toward intrinsic motivation.
Feelings always affect reasoning and memory, and teachers must be aware of the feelings of their learners.
Prior knowledge may be unreliable or incomplete and should not influence teaching from an established curriculum.
Effective teachers provide opportunity for focused learner reflection. This reflection leads to the creation of new ideas to try and hypotheses to test.

Question 46 of 59

46. Question

1 point(s)

What are three ways to make your presentation well-constructed?

Make it understandable, short, and humorous.
Make it understandable, emotional, and long.
Chunk information into groups of three, include emotional stories, and show pictures.
Know your information, exclude emotion, and practice with a timer.

Question 47 of 59

47. Question

1 point(s)

Which of the following is NOT a recommended behavior regarding non-verbal communication?

Use open body language
Avoid direct eye contact
Stand tall and straight
Keep your chest open and shoulders wide
Make hand gestures deliberate

Question 48 of 59

48. Question

1 point(s)

Bacille Calmette-Guérin (BCG) vaccine is commonly administered for prevention of tuberculosis (TB). ALL of the following statements regarding BCG vaccine are true, EXCEPT which one?

The effectiveness of BCG vaccine against pulmonary tuberculosis in children is about 95 percent.
BCG vaccine is administered in many countries with a high prevalence of TB and is an integral part of EPI.
BCG vaccine is quite effective in decreasing disseminated tuberculosis infections (such as tuberculous meningitis) in infants and children.
BCG vaccine should not be administered to infants who are at low risk for TB.
BCG vaccination usually causes a false-positive skin test for TB.

Question 49 of 59

49. Question

1 point(s)

Each of the following is a component in calculating the Human Development Index (HDI) for a given nation EXCEPT which ONE?

Gross national income per capita
Life expectancy at birth
Completed years of schooling
Expected years of schooling
Political freedom

Question 50 of 59

50. Question

1 point(s)

The Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) include provisions that address comprehensive environmental sustainability. Which ONE of the following is NOT one of the SDGs?

Responsible consumption and production
Climate action
Life below water
Life on land
Redirection of strategic heath resources, such as from vaccine-preventable diseases to HIV and malaria control

Question 51 of 59

51. Question

1 point(s)

All of the following are risks associated with short interval between births EXCEPT which ONE?

Low birth weight
Herd immunity from vaccinated siblings
Inadequate maternal recovery time (maternal depletion syndrome)
Early termination of breastfeeding
Increased exposure to infection from children of similar ages

Question 52 of 59

52. Question

1 point(s)

Regarding management of acute lower respiratory tract infections (LRTI), which ONE of the following statements is TRUE?

Most deaths from LRTI occur in elderly persons.
Treatment with an oral antibiotic should be initiated only after obtaining bacteriological cultures.
H. influenzae and pneumoccal vaccines are universally administered throughout the world.
Treatment against LRTI should initiated be based on observations of symptoms including cough, fever, respiratory rate, and chest retractions.
Upper respiratory tract infections often cause severe health consequences.

Question 53 of 59

53. Question

1 point(s)

Which ONE of the following statements about communication skills is FALSE?

Excellent communication skills are a part of a formal healthcare curriculum.
Learners are skilled at identifying mixed messages from their teachers and effectively disregard negative attitudes, which contradict the intended curriculum.
Enthusiasm about practicing medicine is a part of a formal healthcare curriculum.
Shortcuts and survival strategies for healthcare learners are usually part of a ‘hidden’ healthcare curriculum.

Question 54 of 59

54. Question

1 point(s)

Effective feedback should be timely and focus on specific, observed behavior in relation to learner-identified goals. Which ONE of the following is NOT a characteristic of effective feedback?

Facilitate learner reflection first.
Start with positive comments.
Link to stated goals and intentions.
Focus on easily corrected knowledge deficits.
Provide feedback as soon after behavior as possible.

Question 55 of 59

55. Question

1 point(s)

Resuscitation of infants who fail to breathe at birth in resource-poor settings presents which ONE of the following dilemmas?

Resuscitation programs lead to more children living with neurologic impairment
Increasing newborn survival rate leads to overpopulation
Failure to breathe may occur without any risk factor, therefore a skilled birth attendant needs to be present at every delivery
Resuscitation is rarely successful
Neonatal resuscitation equipment is expensive

Question 56 of 59

56. Question

1 point(s)

Leadership today demands more than technical proficiency. Which ONE of the following is the most essential attribute of a leader?

Being a well-known public figure
Serving as a credible role model
Knowledge of applicable government regulations
A history of working one's way up through an organization
Ability to create a budget and raise funds

Question 57 of 59

57. Question

1 point(s)

Financial management principles for a small-size healthcare organization have much in common with managing personal finances. Which ONE of the following is NOT one of these principles?

Diversify income sources
Tract financial status over time via periodic reports
Use bookkeeping methods appropriate for accounting and tax purposes
Create savings sufficient for at least 12 months
Minimize borrowing

Question 58 of 59

58. Question

1 point(s)

Prevention of premature births includes all of the following options EXCEPT which ONE?

Increasing the availability of vaccinations
Removing barriers to healthcare access for pregnant women
Family planning and birth spacing
Reducing poverty
Management of diabetes during pregnancy

Question 59 of 59

59. Question

1 point(s)

Which ONE of the following statements about polio prevention and control is TRUE?

Universal vaccination of the entire world’s population will lead to eradication of polio infection.
Injectable polio vaccine (IPV) is preferred in nations where polio is epidemic.
In cases of suspected polio outbreak, respiratory isolation should be implemented.
Ongoing polio eradication efforts include routine immunization, vaccination for those missed, and disease surveillance.
Persons suffering from polio are most infectious to others only after appearance of symptoms.